X

Track changes made to this page

If you find this page useful and would like to be notified of changes made to this page, start by inputting your email below.



Privacy policy
Close this window

powered by ChangeDetection

Difference between revisions of "37-049-21090"

m
m
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
 
{| class="wikitable welldetails" width="95%"
 
{| class="wikitable welldetails" width="95%"
 
| Well ID: 37-049-21090
 
| Well ID: 37-049-21090
| style="height=100%; align=center" rowspan="14" | {{#display_map: 41.861008, -80.365226 | width=100% | height=100% }}
+
| style="height=100%; align=center" rowspan="17" | {{#display_map: 41.861008, -80.365226 | width=100% | height=100% }}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Country: United States
 
| Country: United States
Line 19: Line 19:
 
| Farm/Lease Name: CECIL C ROBB 1
 
| Farm/Lease Name: CECIL C ROBB 1
 
|-
 
|-
| License Status: Plugged OG Well
+
| License Status: INACTIVE
 
|-
 
|-
| Spud Date: 01/01/1800
+
| Spud Date:  
 
|-
 
|-
| Permit Date: 8/4/1980
+
| Permit Date: 1980-08-04
 +
|-
 +
| Well Type: GAS
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Unconventional Well: N
 
| Unconventional Well: N
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Configuration: Vertical Well
 
| Configuration: Vertical Well
 +
|-
 +
| Conservation: No
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Latitude: 41.861008
 
| Latitude: 41.861008
Line 49: Line 53:
 
  | url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 
  | url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 
  | accessdate = 2019-05-21 }}</ref>
 
  | accessdate = 2019-05-21 }}</ref>
 +
== Well History ==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 +
!scope="col" | Date
 +
!scope="col" | Event
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-08-04
 +
| New Permit Application
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-08-06
 +
| Drilling Completion
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-08-16
 +
| Perforation
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-09-26
 +
| Performed Stimulation 
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-11-26
 +
| NEWLY DRILLED
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
For data sources see<ref>{{cite web
 +
| title = Compiled from multiple data sources - see Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Data Sources
 +
| date = 2020-02-27
 +
| url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 +
| accessdate = 2020-02-27 }}</ref>
 +
<!--== Fracking Activities ==
 +
==== Fracking Jobs ====
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 +
!scope="col" | Job Number
 +
!scope="col" | Job Start Date
 +
!scope="col" | Job End Date
 +
!scope="col" | True Vertical Depth (ft)
 +
!scope="col" | Total Water Volume (gal)
 +
!scope="col" | Total Non-Water Volume (gal)
 +
|-
 +
|}-->
 +
<!--==== Fluid Composition Data ====
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 +
!scope="col" | Job Number
 +
!scope="col" | Trade Name
 +
!scope="col" | Supplier
 +
!scope="col" | Purpose
 +
!scope="col" | Ingredient Name
 +
!scope="col" | CAS Number
 +
!scope="col" | Additive Percentage by Mass
 +
!scope="col" | Job Percentage by Mass
 +
!scope="col" | Mass Used (lb)
 +
|-
 +
|}-->
 +
 +
== Stimulation Data ==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 +
!scope="col" | Stimulation Date
 +
!scope="col" | Phase Number
 +
!scope="col" | Chemical Agent
 +
!scope="col" | Volume (gal)
 +
!scope="col" | Treating Pressure (psi)
 +
!scope="col" | Breakdown Pressure (psi)
 +
|-
 +
| 1980-09-26
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
For data sources see<ref>{{cite web
 +
| title = Completion Reports - Stimulations
 +
| publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
 +
| date = 2020-03-02
 +
| url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 +
| accessdate = 2020-03-02 }}</ref>
 
== Production Data ==
 
== Production Data ==
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
Line 65: Line 143:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1981
 
| 1981
Line 74: Line 152:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1982
 
| 1982
Line 83: Line 161:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1985
 
| 1985
Line 92: Line 170:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1986
 
| 1986
 
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
 
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 837
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 837.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 258
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 258
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1987
 
| 1987
 
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
 
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 797
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 797.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 124
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 124
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | 124
 
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1988
 
| 1988
Line 119: Line 197:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1989
 
| 1989
Line 127: Line 205:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,045.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,045.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1990
 
| 1990
Line 137: Line 215:
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1991
 
| 1991
| [[SEQUOIA MGMT CO INC]]
+
| style="text-align: right;" |
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 955.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 955.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 365
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
|-
 +
| 1992
 +
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 1173.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 360
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 +
|-
 +
| 1993
 +
| [[TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC]]
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 252.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 300
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 +
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1999
 
| 1999
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[EXCO RESOURCES PA INC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2000
 
| 2000
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[EXCO RESOURCES PA INC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2001
 
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[EXCO RESOURCES PA INC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010
 
| 2010
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[B & R RESOURCES LLC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011
 
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[B & R RESOURCES LLC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2012
 
| 2012
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[B & R RESOURCES LLC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2013
 
| 2013
| style="text-align: right;" |
+
| [[B & R RESOURCES LLC]]
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.00
| style="text-align: right;" |  
+
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 223: Line 319:
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
!scope="col" | Period
 
!scope="col" | Period
 +
!scope="col" | Operator
 
!scope="col" | Waste Type
 
!scope="col" | Waste Type
 
!scope="col" | Quantity
 
!scope="col" | Quantity
Line 228: Line 325:
 
!scope="col" | Waste Facility ID
 
!scope="col" | Waste Facility ID
 
|-
 
|-
| 1991-A00
+
| 1991
 +
|
 
| Brine
 
| Brine
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 175.00 Bbl
 
| style="text-align: right;" | 175.00 Bbl
Line 253: Line 351:
 
| 1262566
 
| 1262566
 
| Primary Facility
 
| Primary Facility
| 08/18/2003
+
| 2003-08-18
 
| Routine/Complete Inspection
 
| Routine/Complete Inspection
 
| Violation(s) Noted
 
| Violation(s) Noted
Line 260: Line 358:
 
| 1329371
 
| 1329371
 
| Primary Facility
 
| Primary Facility
| 04/07/2004
+
| 2004-04-07
 
| Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through)
 
| Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through)
 
| No Violations Noted
 
| No Violations Noted
Line 267: Line 365:
 
| 1329375
 
| 1329375
 
| Primary Facility
 
| Primary Facility
| 04/08/2004
+
| 2004-04-08
 
| Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through)
 
| Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through)
 
| No Violations Noted
 
| No Violations Noted
Line 274: Line 372:
 
| 1329377
 
| 1329377
 
| Primary Facility
 
| Primary Facility
| 04/12/2004
+
| 2004-04-12
 
| Compliance Evaluation
 
| Compliance Evaluation
 
| No Violations Noted
 
| No Violations Noted
Line 281: Line 379:
 
| 382138
 
| 382138
 
| Primary Facility
 
| Primary Facility
| 02/25/1997
+
| 1997-02-25
 
| Routine/Complete Inspection
 
| Routine/Complete Inspection
 
| No Violations Noted
 
| No Violations Noted
Line 300: Line 398:
 
| 361496
 
| 361496
 
| 08/18/2003
 
| 08/18/2003
|  
+
| 2003-08-18
 
| 210UNPLUG - Failure to plug a well upon abandonment
 
| 210UNPLUG - Failure to plug a well upon abandonment
 
| Administrative
 
| Administrative
Line 306: Line 404:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
<!--==== Penalties Applied ====
+
==== Penalties Applied ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
!scope="col" | Violation ID
 
!scope="col" | Violation ID
Line 317: Line 415:
 
!scope="col" | Amount Collected
 
!scope="col" | Amount Collected
 
|-
 
|-
|}-->
+
| 361496
 +
| 124074
 +
| NOV - Notice of Violation
 +
| Superseded
 +
|
 +
| 2003-12-23
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
|-
 +
| 361496
 +
| 126336
 +
| ADORD - Administrative Order
 +
| Superseded
 +
|
 +
| 2003-12-23
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
|-
 +
| 361496
 +
| 130523
 +
| COA - Consent Order and Agreement
 +
| Comply/Closed
 +
|
 +
| 2004-04-12
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
| style="text-align: right;" |
 +
|-
 +
|}
 
For data sources see<ref>{{cite web
 
For data sources see<ref>{{cite web
 
  | title =Oil and Gas Compliance Report
 
  | title =Oil and Gas Compliance Report
Line 324: Line 449:
 
  | url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 
  | url = http://wellwiki.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Oil_and_Gas_Data_Sources
 
  | accessdate = 2019-05-21 }}</ref>
 
  | accessdate = 2019-05-21 }}</ref>
<!--== Fracking Activities ==
 
==== Fracking Jobs ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
!scope="col" | Job Number
 
!scope="col" | Job Start Date
 
!scope="col" | Job End Date
 
!scope="col" | True Vertical Depth (ft)
 
!scope="col" | Total Water Volume (gal)
 
!scope="col" | Total Non-Water Volume (gal)
 
|-
 
|}-->
 
<!--==== Fluid Composition Data ====
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%"
 
!scope="col" | Job Number
 
!scope="col" | Trade Name
 
!scope="col" | Supplier
 
!scope="col" | Purpose
 
!scope="col" | Ingredient Name
 
!scope="col" | CAS Number
 
!scope="col" | Additive Percentage by Mass
 
!scope="col" | Job Percentage by Mass
 
!scope="col" | Mass Used (lb)
 
|-
 
|}-->
 
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
__NOEDITSECTION__
 
__NOEDITSECTION__
 
[[Category:Pennsylvania Wells]]
 
[[Category:Pennsylvania Wells]]

Latest revision as of 19:38, 15 May 2020

Well Details

Well ID: 37-049-21090
Loading map...
Country: United States
State: Pennsylvania
County: Erie
Municipality: Conneaut Township
Operator Name: B & R RESOURCES LLC
Well Pad ID:
Farm/Lease Name: CECIL C ROBB 1
License Status: INACTIVE
Spud Date:
Permit Date: 1980-08-04
Well Type: GAS
Unconventional Well: N
Configuration: Vertical Well
Conservation: No
Latitude: 41.861008
Longitude: -80.365226

For data sources see[1][2][3]

Well History

Date Event
1980-08-04 New Permit Application
1980-08-06 Drilling Completion
1980-08-16 Perforation
1980-09-26 Performed Stimulation
1980-11-26 NEWLY DRILLED

For data sources see[4]

Stimulation Data

Stimulation Date Phase Number Chemical Agent Volume (gal) Treating Pressure (psi) Breakdown Pressure (psi)
1980-09-26 0 0 0

For data sources see[5]

Production Data

Period Operator Name Gas Quantity (mcf) Gas Production Days Oil Quantity (bbl) Oil Production Days Water Quantity (bbl) Water Production Days
1980 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 1,803.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
1981 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 16,134.84 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
1982 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 9,389.51 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
1985 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 3,691.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
1986 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 837.00 258 0.00 0 0.00 0
1987 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 797.00 124 0.00 0 0.00 0
1988 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 1,558.00 365 0.00 0 0.00 0
1989 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 1,045.00 365 0.00 0 0.00 0
1990 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 150.00 365 0.00 0 0.00 0
1991 955.00 365 0.00 0 0.00 0
1992 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 1173.00 360 0.00 0 0.00 0
1993 TIMBERLINE ENERGY INC 252.00 300 0.00 0 0.00 0
1999 EXCO RESOURCES PA INC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2000 EXCO RESOURCES PA INC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2001 EXCO RESOURCES PA INC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2010 B & R RESOURCES LLC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2011 B & R RESOURCES LLC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2012 B & R RESOURCES LLC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
2013 B & R RESOURCES LLC 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

For data sources see[6]

Waste Data

Period Operator Waste Type Quantity Disposal Method Waste Facility ID
1991 Brine 175.00 Bbl

For data sources see[7]

Inspection Data

Inspections Performed

Inspection ID Inspection Category Inspection Date Inspection Type Inspection Result Inspection Comments
1262566 Primary Facility 2003-08-18 Routine/Complete Inspection Violation(s) Noted
1329371 Primary Facility 2004-04-07 Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through) No Violations Noted
1329375 Primary Facility 2004-04-08 Plugging(Includes Plugged/Mined Through) No Violations Noted
1329377 Primary Facility 2004-04-12 Compliance Evaluation No Violations Noted
382138 Primary Facility 1997-02-25 Routine/Complete Inspection No Violations Noted

Violations Commited

Inspection ID Violation ID Violation Date Date Resolved Violation Code Violation Type Violation Comments
1262566 361496 08/18/2003 2003-08-18 210UNPLUG - Failure to plug a well upon abandonment Administrative see comments on insp id 1262550

Penalties Applied

Violation ID Penalty ID Penalty Code Penalty Status Penalty Date Enforcement Date Penalty Amount Amount Collected
361496 124074 NOV - Notice of Violation Superseded 2003-12-23
361496 126336 ADORD - Administrative Order Superseded 2003-12-23
361496 130523 COA - Consent Order and Agreement Comply/Closed 2004-04-12

For data sources see[8]

References